Structure: Angolstruktura

	Angolstruktura (Angolstruktura)
	1 Welcome
	2 Introduction to the mathematics of medical imaging
	2.1 Introduction (Introduction to: Mathematics of Medical Imaging)
	2.2 Integral Geometry and Integral Transforms
	2.2.1 Introduction ( Introduction to: Integral geometry))
	2.2.2 Represenation of a Line and other linear geometrical elements
	2.2.3 The 2D Radon transform
	2.2.4 The sinogram
	2.2.5 The properties of the Radon transform
	2.2.6 The Hilbert-transform
	2.2.7 The Digital Radon Transform
	2.2.8 The Radon Transform in multiple dimensions
	2.3 Analytical Reconstruction techniques
	2.3.1 Introduction (Analyitical Reconstruction)
	2.3.2 The Central Slice Theorem
	2.3.3 The Filtered Backprojection
	2.3.4 Relaization of the filtered backprojection
	2.3.5 Multidimensional Central Slice Theorem and the Fourier Inverson Formula
	2.3.6 Interpretation of the inverse Radon transform
	2.3.7 Inverse Radon transfrom with Riesz potentials
	2.3.8 Filter Design for the Filtered Backprojection
	2.3.9 3D reconstruction
	2.4 Algebraic Image Reconstruction
	2.4.1 Introduction (Introduction to: Algebraic Image Reconstruction)
	2.4.2 Descrete Base for the reconstruction
	2.4.3 Non-statistical iterative reconstructions
	2.4.4 Statistical image reconstruction strategies
	2.4.4.1 Example to a Maximum Likelihood estimation
	2.4.5 The ML-EM algorithm
	2.4.6 The ML-EM algorithm for emission tomography
	2.4.7 ML-EM variations: MAP-EM,OSEM
	2.5 The DICOM standard
	2.5.1 Abstract
	2.5.2 Introduction (DICOM)
	2.5.3 A simplified DICOM for beginners
	2.5.3.1 Introduction to the digital representation of alphanumeric data
	2.5.3.2 Introduction to the a simplified toy-DICOM file format I (Problems for the reader)
	2.5.3.3 Introduction to the a simplified toy-DICOM file format II (Solutions of the problems)
	2.5.3.4 Introduction to the a simplified toy-DICOM file format III
	2.5.3.5 Introduction to the a simplified 'toy-DICOM' file format IV (Further development: the Value Representation)
	2.5.4 A few words about the real DICOM format
	2.5.4.1 Value representation in DICOM
	2.5.4.2 The DICOM Identifiers and the Concept of the DICOM Study
	2.5.4.3 The structure of a DICOM file, the DICOM tags
	2.5.4.4 DICOM Data Coding Image Related Information
	2.5.4.5 A few words about the DICOM services
	2.5.5 Appendix
	2.6 Mathematical Methods of Linear Model Based Image Processing Procedures
	2.6.1 Introduction.
	2.6.2 Linear Operators
	2.6.3 Characteristic Input Functions
	2.6.4 General Input Functions - Fourier Transformation
	2.6.5 Laplace-Transformation
	2.6.5.1 Analysis of linear systems in extended frequency space
	2.6.5.2 Properties and rules of Laplace transformation
	2.6.5.3 Laplace transformation of characteristic and any other typical functions
	2.6.5.4 Mathematical description of the system properties functions
	2.6.5.5 Inverse transformation method for linear invariant systems
	2.6.5.6 Inverse transformation of the proper rational function
	2.6.5.7 Transfer Function
	2.6.5.8 Transfer characteristic function (Modulation Transfer Function MTF)
	2.6.5.9 Linear shift invariant system description by the step response function
	2.6.5.10 Relation between the step response function and weighting function of linear shift invariant system
	2.6.6 Problems (Linear Systems)
	2.6.7 Theory and basic laws of sampling
	2.6.8 Planar imaging as a linear system
	2.6.9 Appendix.
	2.6.9.1 Theorems, Detailed explanations
	2.6.9.1.1 Parzeval theorem
	2.6.9.1.2 Response function in general case
	2.6.9.1.3 Deriving of Duhamel Theorem
	2.6.9.2 Solution of problems
	2.6.9.2.1 S1.
	2.6.9.2.2 S2.
	2.6.9.2.3 S3.
	2.6.9.2.4 S4.
	2.6.9.2.5 S5.
	2.6.9.2.6 S6.
	2.6.9.2.7 S7.
	2.6.9.2.8 S8.
	2.6.9.2.9 S9.
	2.6.9.2.10 S10.
	2.6.9.2.11 S11.
	2.7 Monte Carlo Methods (English)
	2.7.1 Introduction (introduction to: Monte Carlo Methods)
	2.7.2 Sampling
	2.7.3 Sampling the free flight distance
	2.7.4 Sampling an interaction
	2.7.5 Detection
	2.8 References
	3 Nuclear Medicine for Physicists
	3.1 Introduction to Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
	3.1.1 Nuclear Image Acquisition
	3.1.2 Suitability of Nuclear Medicine, Examinable Organs
	3.1.3 Radioactive Tracing, a Short History
	3.1.4 Collimators
	3.1.5 Development of PET
	3.1.6 Isotopes Used in SPECT
	3.1.7 Physical Processes Important for Radiation Detection
	3.2 Detectors
	3.2.1 Scintillators
	3.2.1.1 The Process of Scintillation, Types of Scintillators
	3.2.1.2 Basic Properties of Scintillators
	3.2.1.3 SPECT Scintillators
	3.2.1.4 PET Scintillators
	3.2.2 PMT (Photomultiplier Tube)
	3.2.3 Semiconductor Photodetectors
	3.3 Measurement background of position sensitive detection
	3.3.1 Measurement technical background of γ photon position sensitive and energy selective detection
	3.3.2 2D Imaging Based on the Anger Principle
	3.3.3 The centroid method and the Anger camera
	3.4 Gamma Cameras and Gamma Camera Imaging
	3.4.1 Structure of Gamma Cameras
	3.4.2 Techniques for Position Determination
	3.4.3 Calibration and Correction of Images
	3.4.4 Imaging characteristics of gamma cameras
	3.4.5 Types of Tests
	3.4.6 Whole-body Studies
	3.5 SPECT Imaging
	3.5.1 Fundaments of the 3-D Emission Imaging
	3.5.2 Techniques of Reconstruction
	3.5.3 Conjugate Projections
	3.5.4 Imaging Errors
	3.5.5 Pinhole SPECT
	3.6 PET Imaging
	3.6.1 The principle of PET imaging
	3.6.2 Timing techniques
	3.6.3 Single rate, pile-up, dead time and random rate
	3.6.4 Effects limiting ideal imaging
	3.6.5 Calibration of PET systems
	3.7 PET/CT Systems
	3.7.1 Introduction to PET-CT multi-modality imaging
	3.7.2 Isotope Production
	3.7.3 Examination
	3.7.4 Hardware
	3.7.5 Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)
	3.7.6 PET/MRI
	3.8 Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine
	3.8.1 PET/CT - Radiation Protection
	3.8.2 SPECT - Gamma Camera - Radiation Protection
	3.9 References (Nuclear Medicine)
	4 A digitális képrögzítés és képfeldolgozás alapjai
	4.1 Digital image registration
	4.2 Static examinations
	4.2.1 Parathyroid gland examination (image subtraction technique)
	4.2.2 Myocardial perfusion
	4.3 Dynamic examinations
	4.3.1 Renography
	4.3.2 Measurement of left – right shunt
	4.3.3 Cardiac exam with ECG gating
	4.3.4 Parametric images
	4.3.5 Functional images
	4.3.6 Condensed images
	4.4 Visualization of three dimensional (3D) data
	4.4.1 General introduction
	4.4.2 Surface rendering
	4.4.3 Algorithms
	4.4.4 Volume rendering
	4.4.5 Combination of volume and surface rendering
	4.4.6 Three-dimensional parametric images
	4.4.7 Corrections
	4.4.8 Transformations
	5 Medical Imaging in Radiation Therapy
	5.1 Radiotherapy: Past and Present
	5.2 Radiation therapy in Hungary
	5.3 Treatment planning in teletherapy
	5.4 Teletherapy Equipment
	5.4.1 X-Ray Therapy
	5.4.2 Linear accelerator
	5.4.3 Other types of accelerators.
	5.4.4 Cobalt unit for teletherapy
	5.5 Beam Modification devices in Radiotherapy
	5.5.1 Wedge
	5.5.2 Shilding
	5.5.3 Multileaf collimator
	5.6 Imaging in Radiotherapy
	5.6.1 Patient set-up and fixation
	5.6.2 CT Imaging for Treatment Planning
	5.6.3 Simulation of the radiotherapy process
	5.7 Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
	5.7.1 IMRT Techniques
	5.7.2 Radiation treatment planning for IMRT
	5.7.3 Quality assurance for IMRT
	5.7.4 The Clinical Application of IMRT
	5.8 Image Guided Radiation Therapy
	5.8.1 Technical Possibilities of IGRT
	5.8.2 Irradiation of Moving Target Volume
	5.8.3 Systematic and Random Errors
	5.8.4 Image Registration Procedures
	5.8.5 Protocols for Correction
	5.9 Quality Improvement of Patient Care in Radiotherapy
	5.9.1 Dosimetric Control with Thermoluminescent Dosimetry (TLD)
	5.9.2 Dosimetric Control with Diode
	5.9.3 Portal Film Dosimetry
	5.9.4 Electronic Portal Imaging Devices
	5.10 Radiation Sources and Devices in Brachytherapy
	6 Quality Assurance
	6.1 Role of International Organisation in Quality Assuranc
	6.2 Basic concepts of Quality
	6.3 Quality Assurance of PET Device
	6.3.1 Spatial Resolution
	6.3.2 Scatter Fraction, Count Losses and Random Measurement
	6.3.3 Sensitivity
	6.3.4 Accuracy: Corrections for count losses and randoms
	6.3.5 Image quality, accuracy of attenuation and scatter corrections
	6.4 Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Teletherapy Equipment
	6.4.1 Quality Control and Quality Assurance of linear accelerators
	6.4.2 Checks on standard linear accelerators
	6.4.2.1 Safety interlocks
	6.4.2.2 Indicator lights
	6.4.2.3 Mechanical integrity
	6.4.2.4 Mechanical alignment checks
	6.4.2.5 Position of light source
	6.4.2.6 Optical field indication
	6.4.2.7 Shadow tray
	6.4.2.8 Couch movements
	6.4.2.9 Radiation alignment
	6.4.2.10 Interpretation of alignment checks
	6.4.2.11 Flatness and symmetry
	6.4.2.12 Radiation output measurement
	6.4.2.13 Beam energy
	6.4.2.14 Arc therapy
	6.4.2.15 Selection of checks and check frequencies
	6.4.2.16 Equipment required
	6.4.3 Quality Assurance of Treatment Simulators
	6.4.3.1 Appendix I.
	6.4.3.2 Appendix II.
	6.4.3.3 Appendix III.
	6.5 Technical Quality Assurance and Safety of Diagnostic Radiology Equipment
	6.5.1 Benefit, terms and first steps of technical quality assurance
	6.5.2 Regulation of technical quality control of diagnostic radiology equipment
	6.5.3 Levels and names of tests
	6.5.4 Preliminaries in Hungary
	6.5.5 Present status of technical quality control of diagnostic radiology equipment
	6.5.6 Benefit and lessons of acceptance tests
	6.5.7 Tests to be performed during acceptance and status testing
	6.5.8 Testing instrumentation needed for acceptance and/or status testing
	6.5.9 Problems to be solved and possibilities for steps forward
	6.5.10 Physical foundations of non-invasive X-ray tube voltage measurement
	6.5.11 The so-called periodic safety checks
	6.5.12 Regulation of putting medical devices into circulation in the European Union
	6.5.13 Rules of radiation protection registration of equipment in Hungary
	6.5.14 Conformity (conformance) certification of medical devices, including X-ray equipment
	6.5.15 International standards, relating to safety of diagnostic radiology equipment
	7 The principles of MRI
	7.1 Fundamentals
	7.1.1 History
	7.1.2 Features
	7.1.3 In a Nutshell
	7.2 Spin dynamics
	7.2.1 About Resonances
	7.2.2 Classical Description
	7.2.3 Measurable Signal
	7.2.4 Spin Echoes
	7.3 Development of spatial resolution
	7.3.1 Frequency Encoding
	7.3.1.1 Gradient Echo
	7.3.2 Phase Encoding
	7.3.3 Slice Encoding
	7.3.4 MR Spectroscopy
	7.4 Contrast Mechanisms
	7.5 Safety Concerns
	8 Theoretical background of magnetic resonance
	9 Ultrasound
	9.1 Introduction to ultrasound
	9.2 A-scan
	9.3 M-mode
	9.4 B-mode
	9.5 Three-dimensional Ultrasound
	9.6 Doppler Ultrasound
	10 The fundamentals of X-ray diagnostics
	10.1 The Fundamental Interactions between X-rays and Matter
	10.2 X-ray Sources
	10.2.1 Radioactive Isotopes
	10.2.2 The X-ray Tube
	10.3 X-ray detectors
	10.3.1 X-ray detection with films
	10.3.2 Fluorescent screens
	10.3.3 X-ray detection with sctintillators
	10.4 Elements of radiology imaging
	10.5 Data Acquisition for Computed Tomography (CT)
	10.6 Cone-beam CT
	10.6.1 Abbreviations
	10.6.2 Introduction (Cone-Beam CT)
	10.6.3 Structure of the Cone-beam CT
	10.6.4 Data acquisition and processing
	10.6.5 Reconstruction
	10.6.6 Image quality parameters
	10.6.7 Dose of the cone-beam CT
	10.6.8 Possible applications
	10.6.9 The future of the cone-beam CT
	10.6.10 References (cone-beam CT)
	10.7 References (X-ray diagnostics)

1 Welcome

2 Introduction to the mathematics of medical imaging

2.1 Introduction (Introduction to: Mathematics of Medical Imaging)

2.2 Integral Geometry and Integral Transforms

2.2.1 Introduction ( Introduction to: Integral geometry))

2.2.2 Represenation of a Line and other linear geometrical elements

2.2.3 The 2D Radon transform

2.2.4 The sinogram

2.2.5 The properties of the Radon transform

2.2.6 The Hilbert-transform

2.2.7 The Digital Radon Transform

2.2.8 The Radon Transform in multiple dimensions

2.3 Analytical Reconstruction techniques

2.3.1 Introduction (Analyitical Reconstruction)

2.3.2 The Central Slice Theorem

2.3.3 The Filtered Backprojection

2.3.4 Relaization of the filtered backprojection

2.3.5 Multidimensional Central Slice Theorem and the Fourier Inverson Formula

2.3.6 Interpretation of the inverse Radon transform

2.3.7 Inverse Radon transfrom with Riesz potentials

2.3.8 Filter Design for the Filtered Backprojection

2.3.9 3D reconstruction

2.4 Algebraic Image Reconstruction

2.4.1 Introduction (Introduction to: Algebraic Image Reconstruction)

2.4.2 Descrete Base for the reconstruction

2.4.3 Non-statistical iterative reconstructions

2.4.4 Statistical image reconstruction strategies

2.4.4.1 Example to a Maximum Likelihood estimation

2.4.5 The ML-EM algorithm

2.4.6 The ML-EM algorithm for emission tomography

2.4.7 ML-EM variations: MAP-EM,OSEM

2.5 The DICOM standard

2.5.1 Abstract

2.5.2 Introduction (DICOM)

2.5.3 A simplified DICOM for beginners

2.5.3.1 Introduction to the digital representation of alphanumeric data

2.5.3.2 Introduction to the a simplified toy-DICOM file format I (Problems for the reader)

2.5.3.3 Introduction to the a simplified toy-DICOM file format II (Solutions of the problems)

2.5.3.4 Introduction to the a simplified toy-DICOM file format III

2.5.3.5 Introduction to the a simplified 'toy-DICOM' file format IV (Further development: the Value Representation)

2.5.4 A few words about the real DICOM format

2.5.4.1 Value representation in DICOM

2.5.4.2 The DICOM Identifiers and the Concept of the DICOM Study

2.5.4.3 The structure of a DICOM file, the DICOM tags

2.5.4.4 DICOM Data Coding Image Related Information

2.5.4.5 A few words about the DICOM services

2.5.5 Appendix

2.6 Mathematical Methods of Linear Model Based Image Processing Procedures

2.6.1 Introduction.

2.6.2 Linear Operators

2.6.3 Characteristic Input Functions

2.6.4 General Input Functions - Fourier Transformation

2.6.5 Laplace-Transformation

2.6.5.1 Analysis of linear systems in extended frequency space

2.6.5.2 Properties and rules of Laplace transformation

2.6.5.3 Laplace transformation of characteristic and any other typical functions

2.6.5.4 Mathematical description of the system properties functions

2.6.5.5 Inverse transformation method for linear invariant systems

2.6.5.6 Inverse transformation of the proper rational function

2.6.5.7 Transfer Function

2.6.5.8 Transfer characteristic function (Modulation Transfer Function MTF)

2.6.5.9 Linear shift invariant system description by the step response function

2.6.5.10 Relation between the step response function and weighting function of linear shift invariant system

2.6.6 Problems (Linear Systems)

2.6.7 Theory and basic laws of sampling

2.6.8 Planar imaging as a linear system

2.6.9 Appendix.

2.6.9.1 Theorems, Detailed explanations

2.6.9.1.1 Parzeval theorem

2.6.9.1.2 Response function in general case

2.6.9.1.3 Deriving of Duhamel Theorem

2.6.9.2 Solution of problems

2.6.9.2.1 S1.

2.6.9.2.2 S2.

2.6.9.2.3 S3.

2.6.9.2.4 S4.

2.6.9.2.5 S5.

2.6.9.2.6 S6.

2.6.9.2.7 S7.

2.6.9.2.8 S8.

2.6.9.2.9 S9.

2.6.9.2.10 S10.

2.6.9.2.11 S11.

2.7 Monte Carlo Methods (English)

2.7.1 Introduction (introduction to: Monte Carlo Methods)

2.7.2 Sampling

2.7.3 Sampling the free flight distance

2.7.4 Sampling an interaction

2.7.5 Detection

2.8 References

3 Nuclear Medicine for Physicists

3.1 Introduction to Imaging in Nuclear Medicine

3.1.1 Nuclear Image Acquisition

3.1.2 Suitability of Nuclear Medicine, Examinable Organs

3.1.3 Radioactive Tracing, a Short History

3.1.4 Collimators

3.1.5 Development of PET

3.1.6 Isotopes Used in SPECT

3.1.7 Physical Processes Important for Radiation Detection

3.2 Detectors

3.2.1 Scintillators

3.2.1.1 The Process of Scintillation, Types of Scintillators

3.2.1.2 Basic Properties of Scintillators

3.2.1.3 SPECT Scintillators

3.2.1.4 PET Scintillators

3.2.2 PMT (Photomultiplier Tube)

3.2.3 Semiconductor Photodetectors

3.3 Measurement background of position sensitive detection

3.3.1 Measurement technical background of γ photon position sensitive and energy selective detection

3.3.2 2D Imaging Based on the Anger Principle

3.3.3 The centroid method and the Anger camera

3.4 Gamma Cameras and Gamma Camera Imaging

3.4.1 Structure of Gamma Cameras

3.4.2 Techniques for Position Determination

3.4.3 Calibration and Correction of Images

3.4.4 Imaging characteristics of gamma cameras

3.4.5 Types of Tests

3.4.6 Whole-body Studies

3.5 SPECT Imaging

3.5.1 Fundaments of the 3-D Emission Imaging

3.5.2 Techniques of Reconstruction

3.5.3 Conjugate Projections

3.5.4 Imaging Errors

3.5.5 Pinhole SPECT

3.6 PET Imaging

3.6.1 The principle of PET imaging

3.6.2 Timing techniques

3.6.3 Single rate, pile-up, dead time and random rate

3.6.4 Effects limiting ideal imaging

3.6.5 Calibration of PET systems

3.7 PET/CT Systems

3.7.1 Introduction to PET-CT multi-modality imaging

3.7.2 Isotope Production

3.7.3 Examination

3.7.4 Hardware

3.7.5 Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)

3.7.6 PET/MRI

3.8 Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine

3.8.1 PET/CT - Radiation Protection

3.8.2 SPECT - Gamma Camera - Radiation Protection

3.9 References (Nuclear Medicine)

4 A digitális képrögzítés és képfeldolgozás alapjai

4.1 Digital image registration

4.2 Static examinations

4.2.1 Parathyroid gland examination (image subtraction technique)

4.2.2 Myocardial perfusion

4.3 Dynamic examinations

4.3.1 Renography

4.3.2 Measurement of left – right shunt

4.3.3 Cardiac exam with ECG gating

4.3.4 Parametric images

4.3.5 Functional images

4.3.6 Condensed images

4.4 Visualization of three dimensional (3D) data

4.4.1 General introduction

4.4.2 Surface rendering

4.4.3 Algorithms

4.4.4 Volume rendering

4.4.5 Combination of volume and surface rendering

4.4.6 Three-dimensional parametric images

4.4.7 Corrections

4.4.8 Transformations

5 Medical Imaging in Radiation Therapy

5.1 Radiotherapy: Past and Present

5.2 Radiation therapy in Hungary

5.3 Treatment planning in teletherapy

5.4 Teletherapy Equipment

5.4.1 X-Ray Therapy

5.4.2 Linear accelerator

5.4.3 Other types of accelerators.

5.4.4 Cobalt unit for teletherapy

5.5 Beam Modification devices in Radiotherapy

5.5.1 Wedge

5.5.2 Shilding

5.5.3 Multileaf collimator

5.6 Imaging in Radiotherapy

5.6.1 Patient set-up and fixation

5.6.2 CT Imaging for Treatment Planning

5.6.3 Simulation of the radiotherapy process

5.7 Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

5.7.1 IMRT Techniques

5.7.2 Radiation treatment planning for IMRT

5.7.3 Quality assurance for IMRT

5.7.4 The Clinical Application of IMRT

5.8 Image Guided Radiation Therapy

5.8.1 Technical Possibilities of IGRT

5.8.2 Irradiation of Moving Target Volume

5.8.3 Systematic and Random Errors

5.8.4 Image Registration Procedures

5.8.5 Protocols for Correction

5.9 Quality Improvement of Patient Care in Radiotherapy

5.9.1 Dosimetric Control with Thermoluminescent Dosimetry (TLD)

5.9.2 Dosimetric Control with Diode

5.9.3 Portal Film Dosimetry

5.9.4 Electronic Portal Imaging Devices

5.10 Radiation Sources and Devices in Brachytherapy

6 Quality Assurance

6.1 Role of International Organisation in Quality Assuranc

6.2 Basic concepts of Quality

6.3 Quality Assurance of PET Device

6.3.1 Spatial Resolution

6.3.2 Scatter Fraction, Count Losses and Random Measurement

6.3.3 Sensitivity

6.3.4 Accuracy: Corrections for count losses and randoms

6.3.5 Image quality, accuracy of attenuation and scatter corrections

6.4 Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Teletherapy Equipment

6.4.1 Quality Control and Quality Assurance of linear accelerators

6.4.2 Checks on standard linear accelerators

6.4.2.1 Safety interlocks

6.4.2.2 Indicator lights

6.4.2.3 Mechanical integrity

6.4.2.4 Mechanical alignment checks

6.4.2.5 Position of light source

6.4.2.6 Optical field indication

6.4.2.7 Shadow tray

6.4.2.8 Couch movements

6.4.2.9 Radiation alignment

6.4.2.10 Interpretation of alignment checks

6.4.2.11 Flatness and symmetry

6.4.2.12 Radiation output measurement

6.4.2.13 Beam energy

6.4.2.14 Arc therapy

6.4.2.15 Selection of checks and check frequencies

6.4.2.16 Equipment required

6.4.3 Quality Assurance of Treatment Simulators

6.4.3.1 Appendix I.

6.4.3.2 Appendix II.

6.4.3.3 Appendix III.

6.5 Technical Quality Assurance and Safety of Diagnostic Radiology Equipment

6.5.1 Benefit, terms and first steps of technical quality assurance

6.5.2 Regulation of technical quality control of diagnostic radiology equipment

6.5.3 Levels and names of tests

6.5.4 Preliminaries in Hungary

6.5.5 Present status of technical quality control of diagnostic radiology equipment

6.5.6 Benefit and lessons of acceptance tests

6.5.7 Tests to be performed during acceptance and status testing

6.5.8 Testing instrumentation needed for acceptance and/or status testing

6.5.9 Problems to be solved and possibilities for steps forward

6.5.10 Physical foundations of non-invasive X-ray tube voltage measurement

6.5.11 The so-called periodic safety checks

6.5.12 Regulation of putting medical devices into circulation in the European Union

6.5.13 Rules of radiation protection registration of equipment in Hungary

6.5.14 Conformity (conformance) certification of medical devices, including X-ray equipment

6.5.15 International standards, relating to safety of diagnostic radiology equipment

7 The principles of MRI

7.1 Fundamentals

7.1.1 History

7.1.2 Features

7.1.3 In a Nutshell

7.2 Spin dynamics

7.2.1 About Resonances

7.2.2 Classical Description

7.2.3 Measurable Signal

7.2.4 Spin Echoes

7.3 Development of spatial resolution

7.3.1 Frequency Encoding

7.3.1.1 Gradient Echo

7.3.2 Phase Encoding

7.3.3 Slice Encoding

7.3.4 MR Spectroscopy

7.4 Contrast Mechanisms

7.5 Safety Concerns

8 Theoretical background of magnetic resonance

9 Ultrasound

9.1 Introduction to ultrasound

9.2 A-scan

9.3 M-mode

9.4 B-mode

9.5 Three-dimensional Ultrasound

9.6 Doppler Ultrasound

10 The fundamentals of X-ray diagnostics

10.1 The Fundamental Interactions between X-rays and Matter

10.2 X-ray Sources

10.2.1 Radioactive Isotopes

10.2.2 The X-ray Tube

10.3 X-ray detectors

10.3.1 X-ray detection with films

10.3.2 Fluorescent screens

10.3.3 X-ray detection with sctintillators

10.4 Elements of radiology imaging

10.5 Data Acquisition for Computed Tomography (CT)

10.6 Cone-beam CT

10.6.1 Abbreviations

10.6.2 Introduction (Cone-Beam CT)

10.6.3 Structure of the Cone-beam CT

10.6.4 Data acquisition and processing

10.6.5 Reconstruction

10.6.6 Image quality parameters

10.6.7 Dose of the cone-beam CT

10.6.8 Possible applications

10.6.9 The future of the cone-beam CT

10.6.10 References (cone-beam CT)

10.7 References (X-ray diagnostics)

Structure: Angolstruktura

Structure Layout

Sidebar

Medical Imaging

Site Language: English